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The Working Principle of Brakes (Part 1)
The general operating principle of a braking system is to use the friction between non-rotating components connected to the vehicle body (or frame) and rotating components linked to the wheels (or drive shafts) to prevent the wheels from turning—or to counteract their tendency to rotate.
A simple schematic diagram of a hydraulic braking system can be used to illustrate how the braking mechanism works. A metal brake drum—with an inner circular surface serving as the working area—is fixed securely onto the wheel hub and rotates along with the wheel. On the stationary brake backing plate, two support pins are mounted, holding the lower ends of two curved brake shoes. Friction linings are attached to the outer circular surfaces of the brake shoes. Additionally, the brake backing plate houses a hydraulic brake wheel cylinder, which is connected via oil pipe 5 to the master cylinder—located on the vehicle frame. The piston within the master cylinder can be operated by the driver through the brake pedal mechanism.
When the driver presses the brake pedal, causing the piston to compress the brake fluid, the wheel cylinder piston, under hydraulic pressure, pushes the brake shoes against the brake drum, reducing the drum's rotational speed—or even bringing it to a complete stop.
When learning about a car model's braking system, you may often come across the terms "front disc, rear drum" or "front disc, rear drum"—but what exactly do they mean? A reader recently asked via email about automotive braking systems, such as the differences between disc brakes and drum brakes, as well as the distinctions between ventilated discs and solid discs.
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The general working principle of the braking system
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① Friction brakes: These rely on the friction force between the braking component and the moving part to achieve braking. ② Non-friction brakes: The main structural types of these brakes include magnetic powder brakes (which use the shear force generated by magnetizing magnetic powder for braking), magnetic eddy current brakes (whose braking torque can be adjusted by regulating the excitation current), and water eddy current brakes, among others.
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